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Introduction: Morphological parameters of flowering are fundamental in the reproductive process of plants, but this subject is poorly explored in the cashew tree Anacardium occidentale. Objective: To determine the influence of the flowering and harvest period on floral parameters, and to identify association with hermaphrodite flowers in the dwarf cashew. Methods: For the 2018 and 2019 harvests in 120 samples we measured number of male/hermaphrodite/abnormal flowers; panicle biomass, length, maximum width, and ramifications at 30, 45 and 60 days for 360 samples in total. Results: The harvest effect was not significant. Panicle length and width (at 30 days), had the greatest contributions to the production of hermaphrodite flowers. The presence of male flowers (at 45 days), and the panicle length and number of primary branches (at 60 days) were the main factors at their respective periods. Conclusions: The emission of hermaphrodite flowers responds negatively to male flowers. Variations in flowering compromise the production of hermaphrodite flowers and the flowering structure.
Introducción: Parámetros morfológicos de la floración son fundamentales en el proceso reproductivo de las plantas, sin embargo, el tema es poco explorado en el árbol de marañón Anacardium occidentale. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la floración y periodos de cosecha sobre parámetros florales, e identificar asociaciones con flores hermafroditas en el marañón enano. Métodos: Para las cosechas de 2018 y 2019 en 120 muestras, medimos el número de flores masculinas/hermafroditas/anormales; biomasa de panícula, largo, ancho máximo, y ramificaciones a los 30, 45 y 60 días, un total de 360 muestras. Resultados: El efecto de la cosecha fue insignificante. Longitud y ancho de la panícula (a los 30 días), tuvo la mayor contribución a la producción de flores hermafroditas. La presencia de flores masculinas (a los 45 días), y el largo de panícula y número de ramas primarias (a los 60 días) fueron los principales factores en sus periodos respectivos. Conclusiones: La emisión de flores hermafroditas responde negativamente a flores masculinas. Variaciones en la floración afecta la producción de flores hermafroditas y estructura de floración.
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@#Introduction: Anacardium occidentale or cashew are popular traditional food and have raised research interest for complementary cancer treatment. Cancer has become leading cause of death and treatment involved severe side effects. In present study, we aim to study the anti-proliferative effects of cashew shoots in breast cancer (MDAMB-231), colorectal cancer (HT-29) and liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines. Methods: Cell lines were treated with 70% ethanolic cashew extract for cytotoxicity test with MTT assay. AO/PI dual fluorescent assay and RNase/PI staining were used to determine apoptosis induction effects. Phytochemicals screening was carried out by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). Results: The cytotoxicity assay of cashew shoot extract demonstrated IC50 of 81.1 ± 0.11 μg/ml for MDA-MB-231, 307.5 ± 2.31 μg/ml for HT-29 and 272.6 ± 1.91 μg/ml for HepG2 cell lines. The apoptotic bodies include chromatin condensation, cell blebbing and nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis induction were shown by AO/PI staining. There was significant increase of cell count in sub-G0 phase in MDA-MB-231 cell lines treated with cashew shoot extract. It was demonstrated that cashew shoot extract contained 38 compounds from GCMS such as sitosterol, tannin, pyrogallol, phenol and 20 compounds from LCMS such as citric acid, gallic acid, myricetin and hinokiflavone that may give rise to its anti-cancer effect. Conclusion: Cashew shoot extract demonstrated potential anti-cancer properties thus further study is required to investigate its mechanism as anti-cancer agent.
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Abstract This study aims to investigate the effects of orally administered graded doses of hydro-methanol stem extract from Anacardium occidentale (MSEAO) on the haematology and serum biochemistry of chickens. Forty, 8-weeks old cockerel chickens were randomly assigned into four groups (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4) of ten birds each. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 3000, 1500 and 500 mg/kg body weight of MSEAO, respectively, while chickens in control group (group 4) were given drinking water placebo. Blood samples were collected from all chickens on day 0- and 48-hours post-treatment. Haematology and serum biochemistry were evaluated following standard procedures. The results showed that most of the haematological parameters in the treated groups did not differ significantly as compared to the control group. The serum biochemistry results showed that the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity ingroups 1 and 2 were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that ingroups 3 and 4. Serum uric acid levels ingroups 1 and 2 chickens were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in the control group, while the creatinine levels of chickens in the treated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of chickens in the control group. It was concluded that MSEAO, as used in the study, led to significant changes in heterophil counts, serum ALT and ALP activities, uric acid, creatinine, and calcium levels.
Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es investigar los efectos de dosis graduales de extracto de hidro-metanol del tallo de Anacardium occidentale (MSEAO) administradas por vía oral sobre la hematología y bioquímica del suero de polluelos. Cuarenta pollos de 8 semanas de edad fueron asignados al azar en cuatro grupos (1, 2, 3 y 4) de diez pollos cada grupo. Los grupos 1, 2 y 3 recibieron 3000, 1500 y 500 mg/kg de peso corporal de MSEAO, respectivamente, mientras que a los pollos del grupo de control [grupo 4] se les dio agua de beber como placebo. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de todos los pollos a las 0 y 48 horas después del tratamiento. Se evaluó la hematología y la bioquímica del suero siguiendo procedimientos estándares. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de parámetros hematológicos en los grupos tratados no difirieron significativamente con respecto al grupo de control. Los resultados de la bioquímica del suero mostraron que la actividad de la alanina aminotransferasa en el suero (ALT) en los grupos 1 y 2 fue significativamente inferior (P < 0.05) a la de los grupos 3 y 4. Los niveles de ácido úrico en el suero en los pollos de los grupos 1 y 2 fueron significativamente inferiores (P < 0.05) a los del grupo de control, mientras que los niveles de creatinina de los pollos en los grupos de tratamiento fueron significativamente inferiores (P< 0.05) a los de los pollos del grupo de control. Se concluyó que el MSEAO, como se usó en este estudio, produjo cambios significativos en los conteos de heterófilos, en las actividades de ALT y ALP del suero y en los niveles de ácido úrico, creatinina y calcio.
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Diarrhea is a prevalent gastrointestinal problem associated with fatal implications.It is a huge public health concern that requires better alternatives to current drugs.This study investigated the mechanisms involved in the antidiarrheal activity ofAnacardium occidentale (Ao) stem bark extract,a plant commonly used in the management of diarrhea in Nigeria.Methanolic stem bark extract of the plant was parti-tioned into three fractions:hexane fraction,ethyl acetate fraction (AoEF) and methanol fraction.In vitro studies on the effect of these fractions on guinea pig ileum (GPI) strips,as well as the modulatory effect of AoEF on standard agonists-and antagonists-induced GPI contraction and relaxation,revealed AoEF as the most active fraction.In vivo studies to assess the effect of AoEF on the dopaminergic,muscarinic,and serotonergic pathways were carried out using gastric emptying (GE) and gastrointestinal transit (GT) as experimental end points.AoEF was subjected to GC-MS analysis,while the identified compounds were docked with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (CHRM3) using AutodockVina.Results indicated that AoEF inhibited GE and GT via inhibition of CHRM3.In addition,GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 24 compounds in AoEF,while docking indicated that octadecanoic acid 2-(2-hydroxylethoxy)ethyl ester exhibited the highest binding affinity to CHRM3.This study indicated that the antidiarrheal activity of Ao is through its antimotility effect via the inhibition of the muscarinic pathway.And since none of the identified compounds exhibited higher binding affinity to CHRM3 relative to loperamide,the antimotility activity of these phytoconstituents may be via synergism.
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Anacardic acids, a class of medicinally and industrially important phenolic compounds is found in a variety of dicotyledonous families chiefly in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) shows a dominant role in the biosynthesis of poly phenolic compounds, which are involved in the defense mechanism in harsh environments related to various stimuli. The current study was conducted to find out the presence of anacardic acid in ethyl acetate extract of young leaves of cashew using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method and the presence of phenyl alanine ammonia lyase gene also plays a role in the biosynthesis of anacardic acid in young leaves was also confirmed by cDNA synthesis from a cellular mRNA template connected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Anacardium occidentale L. and Mangifera indica L. has been used worldwide both for pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries due to the presence of biological activities of some of its metabolites. The present study comprises the correlation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity in ethyl acetate extract of young leaves and bark of A. occidentale and M. indica. The activity of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) on radical scavenging effect of the extracts was carried out by spectrophotometrically. All the plant extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging activity and among the extracts, A. occidentale young leaves indicated higher antioxidant potential in comparison with those of the other extracts. The antibacterial activity of various extracts was also screened against some human pathogens of clinical importance; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhi; Bacillus subtilis; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Aims:The study was carried out to investigate cashew extract as anti –urinary tract infection.Methods: The leaves of cashew (Anacardium occidentale)were extracted using ethanol and distilled water; however the leaf extracts of cashew were screened for anti-microbial activities by the in vitrocup-plate method of agar diffusion technique with concentration of about 10-5scells/ml of the selected bacteria; using ethanol and distilled water as control. Simultaneously; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the two extracts on selected bacteria were also determined. Results:The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanolic and aqueous extract against the two organisms was 0.0625 g/l; namelyE. coliand S. aureusexcept K. pneumoniaethat occurred at 0.125 g/l. The two extracts were bactericidal at 0.25 g/l and above; below this concentration there were differentiations in the organism’s reaction to the extracts; forinstance, the two extracts Original ResearchArticle at 0.125 g/l were cidal; to the other two organisms; only K. pneumoniaewas static. However at 0.0625g/l of the two extracts; the two organisms were static but K. pneumoniae showed growth.Conclusion:Hence the leaf extract of Anacardium occidentaledissolved in distilled water and ethanol are good potential for the development of antibacterial drugs for urinary tract pathogens like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Background:Cadmium is a human carcinogen element and one of the most toxic pollutants in the environment. Present study aims at histomorphological study of some of the effects of Moringa oleiferaoil and cashew (Anarcardium occidentale)nuts oil on Cadmium-induced liver damage in wistar rats.Methods:Thirty-five Wistar rats (80-180g) were randomly selected and divided into seven groups of five rats each after acclimatization for two weeks. GroupA which served as control received phosphate buffer, Group B received Cadmium only (3.5mg/kg body weight). Group C received Vitamin C and Vitamin E; Group D received Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Cadmium. Group E received Original Research Article Cadmium and Moringa oleifera oil, Group F received Cadmium and Cashew nut oil and Group G received Cadmium (3.5mg/kg body weight) and Moringa oleiferaoil and Cashew (Anarcardium occidentale) nut oil.Results:Histological examination revealed normal histo-architecture of the liver, the central vein and the hepatocytes were seen clearly and there was orderly arrangement of the hepatocytes in Group A (control group). In group B, there was enlarged portal vein and there was distorted arrangement of the hepatocytes. In group C, the hepatocytes and the central vein were seen. In group D, the central vein and hepatocytes were seen though not orderly arranged. In groups E, F and G, there was restoration of the hepatocytes and the central vein was seen.Conclusion:This therefore suggests that Moringa oleiferaoil and Cashew (Anarcardium occidentale) nut oil have ameliorative effects which led to the restoration of the damaged and distorted hepatocytes
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Objective: To evaluate the anti-obesity activity of ethanolic extract of cashew apple using various in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out in ethanolic extract of cashew apple, followed by quantification of phenol and flavonoid. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) scavenging assays. The inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of cashew apple on α-amylase and pancreatic lipase was also studied. In addition, anti-obesity activity was determined in two in vivo models, lipid emulsion model and atherogenic diet-induced obese rat model. Levels of postprandial plasma triglycerides were assessed in lipid emulsion model, whereas serum lipid profile, in vivo antioxidants and histopathological studies of the carotid artery and liver were performed in an atherogenic diet-induced obese model. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and steroids. The in vitro assays showed inhibition of α-amylase and pancreatic lipase and strong antioxidant potential. Ethanolic extract of cashew apple showed significant and time-dependent inhibitory activity on postprandial triglycerides after administration of lipid emulsion for 5 h. Ethanolic extract of cashew apple at 200 and 400 mg/kg on day 60 showed a significant reduction in body weight, body mass index and atherogenic index, whereas lipid profile and liver function marker levels in the serum were decreased in a dose-dependent manner at time intervals (day 0, 20, 40, and 60) compared to the atherogenic diet-induced obese rats. Histological observations showed reduced non-alcoholic fatty liver deposits and decreased atherosclerotic fatty streak plaques (carotid artery) after treatment with ethanolic extract of cashew apple. Conclusions: Ethanolic extract of cashew apple ameliorates obesity, which may be partly mediated by its delayed absorption of cholesterol and carbohydrates.
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Objective: To evaluate the anti-obesity activity of ethanolic extract of cashew apple using various in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out in ethanolic extract of cashew apple, followed by quantification of phenol and flavonoid. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) scavenging assays. The inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of cashew apple on α-amylase and pancreatic lipase was also studied. In addition, anti-obesity activity was determined in two in vivo models, lipid emulsion model and atherogenic diet-induced obese rat model. Levels of postprandial plasma triglycerides were assessed in lipid emulsion model, whereas serum lipid profile, in vivo antioxidants and histopathological studies of the carotid artery and liver were performed in an atherogenic diet-induced obese model. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and steroids. The in vitro assays showed inhibition of α-amylase and pancreatic lipase and strong antioxidant potential. Ethanolic extract of cashew apple showed significant and time-dependent inhibitory activity on postprandial triglycerides after administration of lipid emulsion for 5 h. Ethanolic extract of cashew apple at 200 and 400 mg/kg on day 60 showed a significant reduction in body weight, body mass index and atherogenic index, whereas lipid profile and liver function marker levels in the serum were decreased in a dose-dependent manner at time intervals (day 0, 20, 40, and 60) compared to the atherogenic diet-induced obese rats. Histological observations showed reduced non-alcoholic fatty liver deposits and decreased atherosclerotic fatty streak plaques (carotid artery) after treatment with ethanolic extract of cashew apple. Conclusions: Ethanolic extract of cashew apple ameliorates obesity, which may be partly mediated by its delayed absorption of cholesterol and carbohydrates.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Anacardium occidentale L. leaf is useful in the treatment of inflammation and asthma, but the bioactive constituents responsible for these activities have not been characterized. Therefore, this study was aimed at identifying the bioactive constituent(s) of A. occidentale ethanolic leaf extract (AOEL) and its solvent-soluble portions, and evaluating their effects on histamine-induced paw edema and bronchoconstriction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The bronchodilatory effect was determined by measuring the percentage protection provided by plant extracts in the histamine-induced bronchoconstriction model in guinea pigs. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts on histamine-induced paw edema in rats was determined by measuring the increase in paw diameter, after which the percent edema inhibition was calculated. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the bioactive constituents. Column chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used respectively to isolate and characterize the constituents. The bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated bioactive constituent were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Histamine induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pigs and edema in the rat paw. AOEL, hexane-soluble portion of AOEL, ethyl acetate-soluble portion of AOEL, and chloroform-soluble portion of AOEL significantly increased bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities (P < 0.05). Oleamide (9-octadecenamide) was identified as the most abundant compound in the extracts and was isolated. Oleamide significantly increased bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities by 32.97% and 98.41%, respectively (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results indicate that oleamide is one of the bioactive constituents responsible for the bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activity of A. occidentale leaf, and can therefore be employed in the management of bronchoconstriction and inflammation.</p>
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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical changes in cashew nut flour under different packaging and storage conditions. The flour samples were characterized according to their chemical composition, packaged in polystyrene trays associated with covering chloride polyvinyl (PVC), plastic pot of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), plastic packaging polyethylene (POL) and without coating polystyrene trays (CON). All packages were stored for 225 days, evaluating every 45 days the moisture content of the flour as well as extracting their oil by the cold method for characterization on the following indexes: acidity, saponification, iodine, peroxide and refraction. There was slight and gradual increase in the moisture content from the 45th to the 225th day, especially for products packaged in PVC and without coating polystyrene trays (CON). The oil saponification indexes showed gradual decrease during storage, especially in flour without packaging (CON). There was a gradual increase in the iodine index until the 135th day, followed by decay. The acidity and peroxide indexes increased along with the storage time. However packages with lower oxygen and moisture permeability, such as PET and POL, minimized such changes, being therefore the most suitable for long-term storage.
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Introducción: el tamizaje fitoquímico de una planta brinda una percepción sobre los posibles beneficios medicinales; la literatura refiere información de esta determinación en las hojas deAnacardium occidentale L., Psidium guajava L., Morinda citrifolia L. y Moringa oleifera Lam. , no obstante, en cuanto al polvo mixto de sus hojas no se encontró información disponible. Objetivo: determinar los metabolitos secundarios mediante tamizaje fitoquímico a los polvos mixtos de hojas de A. occidentale, P. guajava, M. citrifolia y M. oleifera. Métodos: se recolectaron las hojas de las plantas en estudio, estas se deshidrataron a temperatura ambiente y artificial, seguidamente se trituraron a 1 mm de tamaño de partículas. Para la elaboración de las muestras se tomó el polvo seco obtenido de las hojas y se mezcló en cinco proporciones. Luego, se realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico a los extractos hidro-alchólicos obtenidos de las muestras. Resultados: el tamizaje fitoquímico de los polvos mixtos no detectó resinas, ni flavonoides, excepto en la muestra 4, que se observó este último metabolito. Las quinonas abundan en todas las muestras, excepto en el ensayo 1, que se detectó poca presencia. Además, las proporciones 1, 2 y 3 presentaron saponinas y los alcaloides se identificaron en las muestras 1, 4 y 5, así como, las coumarinas se observaron en las muestras con mayores proporciones de las plantas individuales. Los otros metabolitos secundarios se detectaron con baja presencia en todas las mezclas. Conclusiones: de acuerdo al análisis preliminar de los metabolitos secundarios de los polvos mixtos de hojas de P. guajava, A. occidentale, M. oleifera y M. citrifolia, se sugiere el estudio de estas mezclas medicinales como aditivo fitoquímico en las dietas de los animales, como primer estudio biológico(AU)
Introduction: Phytochemical screening of a plant provides insight into its potential medicinal uses. Phytochemical data about the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L., Psidium guajava L., Morinda citrifolia L. and Moringa oleifera Lam. may be found in the literature. However, no information was found about the mixed powder of these leaves. Objective: Perform phytochemical screening of mixed powders of leaves of A. occidentale, P. guajava, M. citrifolia and M. oleifera to determine their secondary metabolites. Methods: Leaves of the study plants were collected, dehydrated at ambient and room temperature and crushed to 1 mm particles. The study samples were formed by mixing the dry powder from the leaves at five proportions. Phytochemical screening was then conducted of the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the samples. Results: Phytochemical screening of the mixed powders did not detect any resins or flavonoids, except in sample 4, where the latter metabolite was found. Quinones are abundant in all samples, except for assay 1, where they were scant. Proportions 1, 2 and 3 contained saponins; alkaloids were identified in samples 1, 4 and 5; and coumarines were found in the samples with greater proportions of individual plants. The remaining secondary metabolites had a low presence in all the mixtures. Conclusions: Based on the preliminary analysis of secondary metabolites in mixed powders of leaves of P. guajava, A. occidentale, M. oleifera and M. citrifolia, it is suggested to study these medicinal mixtures as phytochemical additives in animal feed as a first biological study(AU)
Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal , /therapeutic use , Moringa oleifera/chemistry , Psidium/chemistry , Morinda/chemistry , Plant LeavesABSTRACT
Introducción: las hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. se han utilizado con efectividad para combatir diversas afecciones en aves, cerdos, cobayos, ovinos, conejos, bovinos y humanos. A pesar de todos los beneficios medicinales, para nuestro conocimiento pocas investigaciones se han desarrollado como aditivo en las dietas de las gallinas ponedoras. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto fitobiótico del polvo de hojas de A. occidentale en la productividad y calidad del huevo de gallinas ponedoras. Métodos: se realizó previamente un tamizaje fitoquímico al extracto hidro-alcohólico de las hojas secas de la planta en estudio; seguido se utilizaron 160 gallinas White Leghorn (Híbrido L-33) de 27 semanas de edad en pleno pico de puesta durante 70 días, según diseño totalmente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos del polvo de hojas de A. occidentale. (0; 0,5; 1,0 y 1,5 por ciento). Resultados: en las hojas de A. occidentale se detectó una alta cualificación de coumarinas (++), no así para las quinonas y resinas (-), los otros análisis mostraron detecciones leves (+). Los resultados en gallinas ponedoras no evidenciaron morbimortalidad con la adición de este polvo en las dietas. La adición de 0,5 por ciento mejoró (p< 0,05) la producción (80,18 a 86,32 por ciento) y peso del huevo (53,08 a 54,75 g), no obstante, los huevos no aptos y la calidad externa e interna del huevo no mostraron diferencias significativas (p> 0,05) entre tratamientos, excepto la intensidad del color de la yema (7) que incrementó (p< 0,05) con la adición de 0,5 por ciento del polvo. Conclusiones: el polvo de hojas de A. occidentale tiene una amplia variedad de metabolitos secundarios beneficiosos, así, la suplementación dietética de 0,5 por ciento incrementa la producción y peso del huevo, sin afectar su calidad externa e interna, excepto el color de la yema(AU)
Introduction: Leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. have proved effective against various conditions in poultry, pigs, guinea pigs, sheep, rabbits, bovines and humans. Despite all its medicinal benefits, few studies have been conducted about its use as additive in the diet of laying hens. Objective: Evaluate the phytobiotic effect of leaves of A. occidentale on the productivity and egg quality of laying hens. Methods: Phytochemical screening was previously performed of the hydroalcoholic extract of dry leaves of the study plant, followed by selection of 160 White Leghorn hens (Hybrid L-33) aged 27 weeks and in their peak laying period to be used during 70 days, according to a design of total randomization to four treatments with powder of A. occidentale leaves (0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 percent). Results: A. occidentale leaves were found to have a high content of coumarins (++) and a low content of quinones and resins (-). The remaining analyses revealed mild detections (+). Results in laying hens did not show any morbidity or mortality with addition of the powder to their diet. Addition of 0.5 percent improved (p< 0.05) production (80.18 to 86.32 percent) and egg weight (53.08 to 54.75 g). However, no significant differences were found between the treatments with respect to unsuitable eggs and internal and external egg quality (p> 0.05), except for yolk color intensity (7), which increased (p< 0.05) with the addition of 0.5 percent of the powder. Conclusions: Powder of A. occidentale leaves contains a wide variety of beneficial secondary metabolites. Therefore, dietary supplementation of 0.5 percent increases production and egg weight without affecting external and internal quality, except for yolk color(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , /therapeutic use , Chickens , Dietary Supplements , EggsABSTRACT
Free radicals are responsible for causing many chronic and degenerative diseases. Antioxidants are substances capable of scavenging free radicals and preventing cell damage. In this context, antioxidant activity of alcoholic extracts from leaves of Anacardium occidentale and Myracrodruon urundeuva was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazolin6-sulfonic acid) ABTS methods. Phenolic content and phytochemical analysis were performed for each species. Results showed that both species exhibited free radical scavenging activity. These results are directly related to high phenolic content found in the extracts. M. urundeuva showed antioxidant activity similar to butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and could be considered a promising plant source of natural antioxidant.
Os radicais livres são responsáveis por causar muitas doenças crônicas e degenerativas. Os antioxidantes são substâncias capazes de eliminar radicais livres e impedi-los de causar danos celulares. Neste contexto, a atividade antioxidante dos extratos alcoólicos das folhas de Anacardium occidentale e Myracrodruon urundeuva foi avaliada pelos métodos de 2,2- difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e 2,2'-azinobis-(3-etil-benzothiazolin-6-sulfónico ácido) (ABTS). O conteúdo fenólico e análise fitoquímica dos extratos também foram avaliados. As duas espécies exibiram atividade sequestradora de radicais livres. Estes resultados estão relacionados com alto teor de compostos fenólicos encontrados nos extratos. M. urundeuva mostrou atividade antioxidante semelhante ao butilhidroxitolueno (BHT), se tornando uma fonte promissora de antioxidante natural.
Subject(s)
Phenolic Compounds , Anacardium , Antioxidants/analysis , Free RadicalsABSTRACT
Background: Plaque‑associated gingivitis is a prevalent disease and research in its treatment using herbal agents must be encouraged to verify which would be a useful addition to the current range or chemotherapeutic treatment options. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of a mouth rinse containing 10% Anacardium occidentale (AO) Linn., a typical plant commonly found in the Northeast Region of Brazil, on the reduction of plaque and gingivitis in comparison to a gold‑standard chemotherapeutic agent. Materials and Methods: Thirty normosystemic adult volunteers of both genders, who had a minimum of twenty natural teeth, aging between 18 and 32 years, were enrolled in this crossover, controlled, examiner‑blind clinical study. They were randomly allocated into three groups: 10% AO Linn. (n = 10); 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CLX, n = 10); or placebo (PB, n = 10). All volunteers were instructed to brush their teeth with a fluoridated dentifrice two times a day (12/12 h) and to rinse for 1 min with one of the mouthwashes (AO, CLX, or PB) 30 min after tooth brushing for 1 month. Plaque index (PLI) and gingival bleeding index (BLI) were recorded on days 0 and 30. Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05) were performed to evaluate statistical differences among groups. Results: There was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) on plaque and gingivitis at day 30 just in CLX ([PLI = 0.47 ± 0.16; - 30%]; [BLI = 0.15 ± 0.09; ‑55.8%]) and AO ([PLI = 0.49 ± 0.21; ‑31%]; [BLI = 0.13 ± 0.10; ‑56.6%]) groups, but no statistically significant difference was observed among them (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Mouthwash containing 10% AO was effective as an antiplaque and antigingivitis agent, in a similar manner that 0.12% CLX.
ABSTRACT
Leaves surfaces, which represent an interface with plants and the environment, have several structures with specific functions. Some foliar properties, including wettability and mechanical containment, are inferred in terms of cellular adaptation and the presence or absence of cuticular wax. Various morphological parameters, ranging from macro- to nano scales, are analyzed and contribute to the study of taxonomy, pharmacognosy, and ecology of plants. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect and influence of epicuticular wax granules on the hydrophobicity of Anacardium occidentale L. leaf surfaces. Leaf specimens were directly examined with an environmental scanning electron microscope without metal coating. Images revealed epidermis ornament, stomata type, was, and trichomes. Static contact angle between water and the surface was also measured on both sides. On the adaxial side, an angle of 104.09° ± 0.95° was found, suggesting that adaxial surface is hydrophobic. On the abaxial side, the angle was 62.20° ± 1.60°, which indicates a hydrophilic nature, probably because of the greater amount of epicuticular wax on the adaxial leaf surface. The present investigation provided an important contribution to morphological and ultrastructural characterization of leaves of cashew tree, which is a plant of great medicinal and economic importance.
Superfícies de folhas têm diversas estruturas com funções específicas e contribuem para a relação delas com o meio ambiente. Algumas propriedades foliares, incluindo molhabilidade e contenção mecânica, são inferidas em termos de adaptação celular e da presença ou ausência de cera cuticular. Diversos parâmetros morfológicos, variando da macroescala até a nanoescala, são analisados e contribuem para o estudo de taxonomia, farmacognosia e ecologia de plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito e a influência de grãos de cera epicuticular na hidrofobicidade da superfície de folhas de Anacardium occidentale L. Amostras de folha foram examinadas com um microscópio eletrônico de varredura ambiental sem recobrimento metálico. As imagens evidenciaram algumas características (epiderme, tipo de estômato, cera e tricomas). O ângulo de contato estático entre a água e a superfície também foi medido em ambos os lados. No lado adaxial, foi encontrado um ângulo de 104,09° ± 0,95°, sugerindo que esta é hidrofóbica. No lado abaxial, o ângulo foi de 62,20° ± 1,60°, que indica uma natureza hidrofílica, provavelmente devido à grande quantidade de cera epicuticular na superfície abaxial da folha. A presente investigação forneceu uma contribuição importante para a caracterização morfológica e ultra-estrutural de folhas de cajueiro, que é uma planta de grande importância econômica.
Subject(s)
Wettability , Anacardium , Microscopy, Electron , Amazonian EcosystemABSTRACT
Aim: The current study investigated the hypoglycemic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Anarcardium occidentale in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Study Design: In vivo experiment. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria, between Oct 2011 and Jan 2012. Methodology: Diabetes was induced in albino rats by the administration of alloxan (150 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. occidentale (200 mg/kg b.w.) were administered by oral gavage once a day for a period of 21 days. The effect of the extracts on blood glucose, lipids, total protein, liver marker enzymes and also on enzymatic antioxidants of defence systems such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), enzyme activities, in liver and pancreas were studied. Results: Both aqeous and ethanolic extracts of A. occidentale reduced the blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) levels, total protein and activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in alloxan-diabetic rats. The extracts also significantly mitigated the increase in malonyldialdehyde (MDA) level, and increased SOD and CAT activities in both liver and pancreas. The levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were significantly increased in A. occidentale treated diabetic rats in comparison with control group. Our findings suggest that both extracts of A. occidentale prevented the alloxan-induced hyperglycemia and increased MDA levels. These effects could be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals present in these extracts. Conclusion: These results suggest that A. occidentale extracts possess hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo neste trabalho foi identificar as temperaturas basais e a exigência térmica para completar o processo de maturação de frutos de três clones de cajueiro-anão: FAGA 1, FAGA 10 e FAGA 11. Entre agosto e novembro de 2010, abril e novembro de 2011 e abril e agosto de 2012, em função da disponibilidade foram marcados semanal e aleatoriamente até dez frutos e pseudofrutos por clone, medidos e classificados quanto ao estádio de maturação até amadurecerem. Após obter os períodos de maturação, foram determinadas as temperaturas basais para cada clone utilizando o método do menor coeficiente de variação para a soma térmica (ST) e para as unidades fototérmicas (UF) acumuladas nos períodos. Verificou-se que o número de dias necessários para completar a maturação dos cajus foi menor nos meses com temperatura média do ar acima de 28 ºC e que as aproximações utilizando os métodos da ST foram mais úteis na previsão do tempo fisiológico necessário para completar a maturação do fruto do que a contagem do tempo cronológico em dias. As temperaturas basais inferiores determinadas pelo método da ST são iguais a 15,2; 13,8 e 10,0 ºC para FAGA 1, FAGA 10 e FAGA 11, respectivamente enquanto suas exigências térmicas foram de 437,3; 493,8 e 639,0 ºC dia. Devido o fotoperíodo não ter influenciado no tempo de maturação dos cajus, o método das unidades fototérmicas não foi ajustado.
The objective of this study was to identify the base temperatures and the thermal requirements needed to complete the fruits maturation process of three clones of dwarf cashew trees: FAGA 1, FAGA 10 and FAGA 11. Between August and November 2010, April and November 2011, and April and August 2012, due to availability issues, up to ten fruits and pseudo fruits were tagged weekly and randomly until mature, measured and classified according to their maturity stage. After obtaining the periods of maturation, base temperatures were determined for each clone using the lower variation coefficient method for the thermal sum (TS) and for the photothermal units (FU) accumulated in the cycles. It was found that the number of days required to complete the cashew maturation was lower on months in which the mean air temperature was above 28 °C and that the approximations using the TS methods were more useful in predicting the physiological time required to complete the fruit maturation than the chronological time counted in days. The lower base temperatures determined by the TS method were 15.2, 13.8 and 10.0 ºC for FAGA 1, FAGA 10, and FAGA 11, respectively, while its thermal requirements were 437.3, 493.8, and 639.0 ºC day. Due to the fact that the photoperiod did not influence the cashews maturation time, the photothermal units method was not adjusted.
Subject(s)
Temperature , Photoperiod , AnacardiumABSTRACT
Microscopy of the gum revealed various shapes and sizes which disintegrated within a short time (3-5 minutes). They have thick walls, somewhat cracked and striated and also seen as translucent masses. Some were observed to have open fissures. However, the purified ones obtained from the precipitates depicted no open fissures, striations or cracks. Macroscopy revealed that A.occidentale gum has irregular shapes, tasteless, odourless, very coarse texture for the crude to fine coarse for the purified gum. It is yellowish brown colour for the crude to whitish milk for the purified gum. On the other hand, the gum arabic has a bland mucilaginous taste, odourless, varying shapes and sizes with a milky colour. This shows that the plant gum has features similar to available pharmaceutical gums and as such a viable pharmaceutical material and also these features are useful for the preparation of monograph of the plant. Paper and Thin Layer Chromatographic analyses of the carbohydrates in both the gums revealed the presence of sugars such as xylose, arabinose, galactose and glucose. Butanol-Acetic acid- Water (BAW) 4:1:5; Butanol-Ethanol-Water (BEW) 4:1:2.2; and Butanol-Acetic acid-Ether-Water (BAEW) 9:6:3:1 were used as solvents systems by ascending technique and sprayed with Aniline phthalate for visualization.